...

Main Topics of the Conference  
 
Design of modern ammonia (NH3) systems and technological innovation
Lowering of ammonia charge in the systems; Medium and small size ammonia systems;  
Advanced design; Factory-made units;
Compatibility of ammonia with metals and new oils.
 
Design of carbon dioxide (CO2) refrigeration and heat pump systems
Transcritical and subcritical operation;
Modifications of cycles to improve the energy efficiency;
Development of CO2 systems intended for hot climate;
Ejector as an expansion device.

New innovative components
Plate and “shell & plate” heat exchangers; DX evaporators;
Microchannel air-cooled condensers; Improved evaporative condensers;
Semi-hermetic and hermetic ammonia compressors;
High-pressure ammonia and CO2 compressors.

Energy efficiency of ammonia and CO2 refrigerating systems
Advantages of ammonia and CO2 versus fluorocarbon-based systems;
New secondary coolants; CO2 as a secondary coolant;
NH3/CO2 cascade systems.

Applications of ammonia and CO2 refrigeration
Cold stores, food and drink industries; Supermarkets; Air-conditioning systems (liquid chillers);
Heat pumps (medium and high temperature heating).

Absorption machines
Modified absorption cycles; Trigeneration and district cooling.

Ammonia and CO2 systems in developing countries
Modernisation, improvements, technical assistance, barriers.

Technical and safety issues; Guidelines and training materials
Regulations on the construction and operation of ammonia and CO2 refrigerating systems;
Education and training for: best practices, operating procedures, handling and safe operation.

Public awareness of the image and benefits of natural refrigerants
Crucial and sustainable contributions to a better environment; Barriers to market penetration;
Current and future use of natural refrigerants; Montreal Protocol and Kigali amendment, phase-down of HFCs.